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| + | <！ - このページは短くてシンプルにデザインされています！可能であれば、独自のページを持ち、他のページにリンクする必要があることについて、非常に簡単な説明だけを提供する必要があります。このページは、マイニング記事のほとんどを整理するためのエントリーポイントと場所として機能するはずです。ありがとうございました！ （ - アロス） - > |
| − | |title= Mining. What is hashcash? All about cryptocurrency - Bitcoin Wiki
| + | [[File:Quick-and-dirty-4x5970-cooling.jpg | thumb | right |自家製の[採掘リグ|鉱業設備]] |
| − | |keywords=bitcoin,mining,Pooled, Equipment
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| − | |description= What is bitcoin minig? How does it work and how to make money on it? Mining: the technical part,Cryptocurrency list, Block, Difficulty, Blockchain, Proof-of-work,Transaction confirmation, Bitcoin transaction
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| − | }}
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| | | | |
| − | '''Mining''' is a [[transaction]] record process with bitcoins to [[blockchain]] – the public database of all the operations with Bitcoin, which is responsible for the [[transaction confirmation]]. [[Network]] nodes use blockchain to differ the [[REAL|real]] transactions from the attempt to spend the same facilities twice. The main mining objective is reaching a [[consensus]] between network nodes on which transactions consider legitimate.
| + | ==はじめに== |
| − | :''Category: [[:Category:Mining|Mining]]''
| + | 「マイニング」は、過去の取引のBitcoinの公的元帳にトランザクション記録を追加するプロセスです。そして「[採掘リグ|採鉱リグ]」は、単一コンピュータシステムのための必要な計算を実行する口語的なメタファーです。 "鉱業"。 |
| | + | 過去のトランザクションの元帳は、[[ブロック|ブロック]]の連鎖であるため[[ブロックチェーン]]と呼ばれます。 |
| | + | ブロックチェーンは、[[確認|確認する]]ネットワークの他の部分との取引が行われたのと同様に機能します。 |
| | + | Bitcoinノードはブロックチェーンを使用して、正当なBitcoinトランザクションと既に別の場所で費やされたコインを再使用する試みとを区別します。 |
| | + | 鉱山は、リソースを集中的に使用することが難しく、鉱山労働者が毎日見つけたブロックの数が安定しているように意図的に設計されています。個々の[[ブロック]]には有効と見なされる[仕事の証拠|仕事の証明]が含まれていなければならない。この作業証明は、ブロックを受信するたびに他のBitcoinノードによって検証されます。 Bitcoinは[[hashcash]]作業証明関数を使用します。 |
| | + | 鉱業の主な目的は[[トランザクション]]の履歴を[[不可逆的なトランザクション|任意のエンティティによって変更することは計算上不可能]]に設定することです。ブロックチェーンをダウンロードして検証することで、bitcoin [[full node | nodes]]はビットコインのイベントの順序についてコンセンサスに達することができます。 |
| | + | マイニングは[[Controlled supply | Bitcoinsを導入する]]システムに使用されるメカニズムでもあります： |
| | + | 鉱夫には新しく作られたコインの「補助金」だけでなく、[[手数料]]も支払われます。 |
| | + | これは、新しいコインを分散的に普及させる目的と、人々にシステムのセキュリティを提供する動機付けをする目的の両方に役立ちます。 |
| | + | Bitcoin鉱業は、他の商品の採掘に似ているため、いわゆる呼ばれています。 |
| | + | それは努力を必要とし、それは参加することを望む誰でも新しい単位をゆっくりと利用できるようにする。重要な相違点は、[[制御供給|供給]]が採掘量に依存しないことです。一般的に、全マイナーハッシュパワーを変更しても、長期的に作成されるビットコインの数は変わりません。 |
| | | | |
| − | == Introduction == | + | ==難しさ== |
| | + | ===計算上困難な問題=== |
| | + | ブロックをマイニングすることは困難です。なぜなら、ブロックがネットワークによって受け入れられるためには、ブロックのヘッダのSHA-256ハッシュが[[Target | target]]以下でなければならないからです。この問題は、説明のために簡略化することができます。ブロックのハッシュは、特定の数のゼロで開始する必要があります。多くのゼロで始まるハッシュを計算する確率は非常に低いので、多くの試みが行われなければならない。各ラウンドで新しいハッシュを生成するために、[[Nonce | nonce]]がインクリメントされます。詳しくは、[[Proof of work]]を参照してください。 |
| | + | ===難易度メトリック=== |
| | + | [[難しさ|難しさ]]は、新しいブロックを見つけ出すのが最も簡単なものと比較してどれほど難しいかの尺度です。レートは2,016ブロックごとに再計算され、前の2,016ブロックがちょうど2週間で生成されます（2週間）、この難しさで誰もが採掘されました。これは、平均して10分ごとに1ブロックの期待利回りです。 |
| | + | より多くの鉱夫が参加するにつれて、ブロック作成の割合が増加します。ブロック生成の割合が増加するにつれて、ブロック生成の速度を低下させることによる効果の均衡を保ちながら、補償するのが困難になる。悪意のある鉱夫が必要とする[[目標|難易度目標]]を満たさないブロックは、ネットワーク内の他の参加者によって単純に拒否されます。 |
| | + | ===報酬=== |
| | + | ブロックが発見されると、発見者は、ネットワーク内の全員が合意した一定数のビットコインを授与することができる。現在、この賞金は12.5ビットコインです。この値は210,000ブロックごとに半分になります。 [[規制通貨供給]]を参照してください。 |
| | + | さらに、鉱山者は取引を送信しているユーザーから支払われた料金を授与されます。手数料は、鉱山者が取引をそのブロックに含めるインセンティブです。将来的には、新しいブロックコイン鉱夫の数が各ブロックで減少するにつれて、料金は鉱業収入のより重要な割合を占めることになります。 |
| | | | |
| − | '''Mining''' is the process of adding transaction records to Bitcoin's public [[ledger]] of past transactions (and a [[Mining rig|mining rig]] is a colloquial metaphor for a single computer system that performs the necessary computations for mining).
| + | ==鉱業の生態系== |
| − | This ledger of past transactions is called the block chain as it is a [[chain]] of [[block|blocks]].
| + | ===ハードウェア=== |
| − | The block chain serves to [[Confirmation|confirm]] transactions to the rest of the network as having taken place.
| + | [[ファイル：Usb-fpgaモジュール1.15x-hs-800.jpg |親指|右| FPGAモジュール]] |
| − | Bitcoin nodes use the block chain to distinguish legitimate Bitcoin transactions from attempts to re-spend [[coins]] that have already been spent elsewhere.
| + | ユーザーは、時間をかけてさまざまなタイプのハードウェアを使用してブロックをマイニングしました。ハードウェアの仕様とパフォーマンスの統計情報は、[[マイニングハードウェアの比較]]ページで詳しく説明しています。 |
| | + | ==== CPUマイニング==== |
| | + | 初期のBitcoinクライアントのバージョンでは、ユーザーは自分のCPUを使用してマイニングすることができました。 GPUマイニングの出現により、ネットワークのハッシュレートがCPUマイニングによって生成されるビットコインの量がCPUを動作させる電力のコストよりも低くなる程度に成長したので、CPUマイニングは財政的に賢明ではなかった。このオプションは、コアBitcoinクライアントのユーザーインターフェイスから削除されました。 |
| | + | ==== GPUマイニング==== |
| | + | GPUマイニングは、CPUマイニングよりも大幅に高速で効率的です。主な記事を見てください：[[なぜGPUがCPUより速く掘り起こすのか]]様々な人気のある[採掘リグ|採掘リグ]が文書化されています。 |
| | + | ==== FPGAマイニング==== |
| | + | FPGAマイニングは、GPUマイニングに匹敵し、CPUマイニングを大幅に上回るパフォーマンスを実現する、非常に効率的で高速な方法です。 FPGAは通常、比較的高いハッシュ・レーティングで非常に少量の電力を消費し、GPUマイニングよりも実行可能で効率的です。 FPGAハードウェアの仕様と統計については、[[マイニングハードウェアの比較]]を参照してください。 |
| | + | ==== ASICマイニング==== |
| | + | 特定用途向け集積回路（ASIC）は、非常に特殊な目的のために設計され製造されるマイクロチップである。 Bitcoinの採掘用に設計されたASICは、2013年に最初にリリースされました。消費する電力量は従来の技術よりも大幅に高速で、すでにGPUマイニングを財務的に行っています。 |
| | + | ====鉱業サービス（クラウドマイニング）==== |
| | + | [[：Category：Mining_contractors |鉱業請負業者]]は、契約によって特定される業績を鉱業サービスに提供し、しばしば「鉱業契約」と呼ばれる。たとえば、特定の期間に特定の価格で特定の水準の採掘能力を借りることができます。 |
| | + | ===プール=== |
| | + | 限られたブロックの供給のために競争する鉱夫が増えるにつれて、ブロックを見つけたり、鉱山活動の報酬を受け取らずに何ヶ月も働いていたことが分かりました。これは鉱業を賭博のようなものにしました。彼らの所得変動の問題に取り組むために、鉱山労働者は報酬をより均等に分け合うことができるように[[プールされた鉱山|プール]]に組織化し始めました。 [[プールされたマイニング]]と[[マイニングプールの比較]]を参照してください。 |
| | + | ===歴史=== |
| | + | Bitcoinの公的元帳（「ブロックチェーン」）は、2009年1月3日18:15 UTC（おそらく中本哲）によって開始されました。最初のブロックは[[起点ブロック]]として知られています。最初のブロックに記録された最初のトランザクションは、50の新しいビットコインの報酬をその作成者に支払う単一のトランザクションでした。 |
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| − | Mining is intentionally designed to be resource-intensive and difficult so that the number of blocks found each day by miners remains steady. Individual blocks must contain a [[proof of work|proof of work]] to be considered valid. This proof of work is verified by other Bitcoin nodes each time they receive a block. Bitcoin uses the [[hashcash]] proof-of-work function.
| + | ==関連項目== |
| − | | + | * [https://99bitcoins.com/beginners-guide-to-mining/ Bitcoin Mining入門ガイド] |
| − | The primary purpose of mining is to allow Bitcoin nodes to reach a secure, tamper-resistant consensus.
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| − | Mining is also the mechanism used to introduce Bitcoins into the system:
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| − | Miners are paid any [[transaction fees]] as well as a subsidy of newly created coins.
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| − | This both serves the purpose of disseminating new coins in a decentralized manner as well as motivating [[people]] to provide [[security]] for the system.
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| − | | |
| − | Bitcoin mining is so called because it resembles the mining of other commodities:
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| − | it requires exertion and it slowly makes new currency available at a rate that resembles the rate at which commodities like gold are mined from the ground.
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| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | == Transaction record process ==
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| − | [[File:Mining.png|500px|frameless|right]]
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| − | | |
| − | Besides this, mining is the only way of [[Bitcoin emission|bitcoins emission]] that are allocated as a miner reward for the mathematical task solution with the help of computer equipment. The process is advisedly done resource-intensive and difficult to leave permanent the number of blocks found by miners.
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| − | | |
| − | Every block should contain the confirmation that the mathematical task has been solved and each of the network nods can easily check, if the block has been really closed by the rules. Emission is decentralized as a mining reward that means a control absence over the output by a single center. During this process miners confirm accomplishing transactions in the network. In order to protect the network from overruns, mining is possible in strictly defined capacities.
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| − | | |
| − | Bitcoins, issued with the help of mining are the best way to hold the transaction [[anonymity]] during the work with cryptocurrency. Nevertheless, they can be used only after getting 100 network confirmations.
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| − | | |
| − | == Mining Process ==
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| − | | |
| − | All the transfers in the Bitcoin system are public. Miners’ work consists in choosing the right hash, which will be convenient to all the network transactions and will provide getting of the private key. There are millions of possible combinations and that's why the process usually takes time and demands powerful equipment.
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| − | | |
| − | Unknown hash is the quantity that consists of the previous block [[hash]], a random number and transactions check value sum, made during 10 minutes. System conditions can satisfy the only one quantity, which isn't permanent and changes after each block is closed.
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| − | | |
| − | As soon as the right hash is defined the transaction block closes and the miner obtains reward in the amount of 12.5 bitcoins. This process can be compared with lottery, because a lot of participants are simultaneously searching the hash. The system works pursuant to the strict rules and according to them changing of closed block is practically impossible.
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| − | | |
| − | == Difficulty ==
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| − | | |
| − | === The Computationally-Difficult Problem ===
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| − | | |
| − | Mining a block is difficult because the SHA-256 hash of a block's [[header]] must be lower than or equal to the target in order for the block to be accepted by the network. This problem can be simplified for explanation purposes: The hash of a block must [[start]] with a certain number of zeros. The probability of calculating a hash that starts with many zeros is very low, therefore many attempts must be made. In order to generate a new hash each round, a [[Nonce|nonce]] is incremented. See Proof of work for more information.
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| − | | |
| − | === The Difficulty Metric ===
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| − | | |
| − | The [[Difficulty|difficulty]] is the measure of how difficult it is to find a new block compared to the easiest it can ever be. The rate is recalculated every 2,016 blocks to a value such that the previous 2,016 blocks would have been generated in exactly one fortnight (two weeks) had everyone been mining at this difficulty. This is expected yield, on average, one block every ten minutes.
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| − | | |
| − | As more miners join, the rate of block creation increases. As the rate of block generation increases, the difficulty rises to compensate, which has a balancing of effect due to reducing the rate of block-creation. Any blocks released by malicious miners that do not meet the required difficulty target will simply be rejected by the other participants in the network.
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| − | | |
| − | === Reward ===
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| − | | |
| − | When a block is discovered, the discoverer may award themselves a certain number of bitcoins, which is agreed-upon by everyone in the network. Currently this bounty is 12.5 bitcoins; this value will halve every 210,000 blocks. See [[Controlled Currency Supply]].
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| − | | |
| − | Additionally, the miner is awarded the fees paid by users sending transactions. The fee is an incentive for the miner to include the transaction in their block. In the future, as the number of new bitcoins miners are allowed to create in each block dwindles, the fees will make up a much more important percentage of mining income.
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| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | == Pooling ==
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| − | :''Main page: [[Pooled mining]]''
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| − | | |
| − | Bitcoin mining is a very difficult process and it's necessary to have essential capacities for processing. It has become practically impossible to follow mining alone, because of permanent increasing mining difficulty and crypto-currency market [[development]]. As a result, the concept “pool mining” has appeared, which means the computational capacities banding of several participants in a group for the new block generation. The pool obtained reward for the closed block is shared between its participants.
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| − | | |
| − | === Mining Equipment ===
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| − | | |
| − | For the long time mining has been available for home computers users, but in 2013 competition between miners for finding the right hash has increased, therefore personal mining has lost it's economic justifiability. During the development and modernization process the next computer equipment types have been used for mining:
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| − | * CPU-mining is a one of the oldest versions working with the help of the computer processor. This option can be found in the main bitcoin [[client]], but it's off-stream now because of the extra low effectiveness;
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| − | * GPU-mining lies in using graphic card. This type of mining has changed the processors. It's hallmark is the increasing of system power;
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| − | * [[FPGA]]-mining is an upgrade variant of GPU mining, which differs by lower energy consumption;
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| − | * [[ASIC]] is a mining with a special equipment created specially for work with crypto-currency. Its effectiveness far exceeds the attributes of usual graphic cards, so it has inaugurated a new era in Bitcoin development.
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| − | | |
| − | === Mining farm ===
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| − | :''Main page: [[Mining farm]]''
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| − | | |
| − | Mining farm – is a [[data center]], technically equipped to mine bitcoins or other cryptocurrencies.
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| − | | |
| − | They were emerged as a result of the constant complication of the mining process, which requires more technical, energy and financial resources.
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| − | | |
| − | | |
| − | Mining farms allow the productivity of computers and, consequently, the Hash Rate to be maximized. The productivity of the largest farms can be several dozen PH/s (1015 hashes/second).
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| − | | |
| − | Physically, mining farms are rooms with a large number of computers and servers that take on tasks for mining.
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| − | | |
| − | There are also home-mining farms. They differ from ordinary PCs, by being specially assempled and designed for mining. Home farms can bring profitability, but users often face the problem of excessive electricity consumption and overheating of the computer at home which makes mining unprofitable.
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| − | | |
| − | One of the main resources into which a miner has to invest is electricity. It is also a risk factor, since the mining farm requires a permanent 24/7 power source. In addition, a large number of processors require an appropriate cooling and ventilation system.
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| − | | |
| − | == Cloud mining ==
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| − | :''Main page: [[Cloud mining]]''
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| − | | |
| − | Cloud mining is a process of obtaining Bitcoins with the use of a remote data processing center with the general computational power. This allows the users to mine Bitcoins or alternative crypto currencies without controlling the equipment directly. Most of all, the services of the cloud mining are used by the users from the countries with an expensive electric power supply, which doesn’t allow them to create mining rigs by their own.
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| − | | |
| − | Another option is a private virtual service, where a user installs the mining [[software]].
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| − | | |
| − | Finally, a user may take the computational powers themselves by using already the results of their work and not coming in touch with physical or virtual servers.
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| − | | |
| − | == Web mining == | |
| − | :''Main page: [[Web mining]]''
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| − | Web-mining, or "hidden mining" – is an alternative method of cryptocurrency mining through the web browsers of users of [[websites]]. In fact, owners of Internet resources can convert the capacities of visitors' computers into cryptocurrency.
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| − | | |
| − | Web minining is conducted by special web-miners - programs that can work when the user's browser is switched on or runs in the background. Technically, such a program can be started on the computer with a line of JavaScript code written on the page, or the code itself is embedded into the browser extension. There are also viruses that make computer capacities work for cryptocurrency mining.
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| − | | |
| − | == Mining profit ==
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| − | :''Main page: [[Mining profit]]''
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| − | | |
| − | Profitability of mining is the level of reward that a user of the blockchain network receives for mining (providing of his technical capacities for verifying transactions and solution of network tasks, resulting in a new data block on the network).
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| − | | |
| − | The profitability of mining depends on two related factors.
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| − | The first one consists in the complexity of the process itself, on which the reward depends (the more difficult the process is, the smaller amounts of tasks can be made per technical resource unit and, consequently, the less reward you will receive).
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| − | The second factor is the cost of bitcoin (or other crypto currency). That is, how much your reward is in terms of fiat currencies.
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| − | | |
| − | The average annual profitability of mining ranges from 120 to 200% per annum, and for some products in the period of "mining boom" from the end of 2016 showed even the best result.
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| − | However, this indicator does not take into account additional investments: rental of premises, management of mining farms and energy costs. Adjusted for these factors in 2016, the profitability of mining amounted to about 10-50% per annum.
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| − | | |
| − | == The mining ecosystem ==
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| − | {{#ev:youtube|prt4X0VocEU|500|right|The mining ecosystem}}
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| − | === Hardware ===
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| − | | |
| − | Users have used various types of hardware over time to mine blocks. Hardware specifications and performance statistics are detailed on the Mining Hardware Comparison page.
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| − | ==== CPU Mining ====
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| − | Early Bitcoin client versions allowed users to use their CPUs to mine. The advent of GPU mining made [[CPU mining]] financially unwise as the hashrate of the network grew to such a degree that the amount of bitcoins produced by CPU mining became lower than the cost of power to operate a CPU. The option was therefore removed from the core Bitcoin client's user interface.
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| − | | |
| − | ==== GPU Mining ====
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| − | GPU Mining is drastically faster and more efficient than CPU mining. See the main article: [[Why a GPU mines faster than a CPU]]. A variety of popular [[Mining rig|mining rigs]] have been documented.
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| − | ==== FPGA Mining ====
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| − | [[FPGA]] mining is a very efficient and fast way to mine, comparable to GPU mining and drastically outperforming CPU mining. FPGAs typically consume very small amounts of power with relatively high hash ratings, making them more viable and efficient than GPU mining. See Mining Hardware Comparison for [[FPGA]] hardware specifications and statistics.
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| − | | |
| − | ==== ASIC Mining ====
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| − | An application-specific integrated circuit, or [[ASIC]], is a microchip designed and manufactured for a very specific purpose. ASICs designed for [[Bitcoin]] mining were first released in 2013. For the amount of power they consume, they are vastly faster than all previous technologies and already have made GPU mining financially unwise in some countries and setups.
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| − | | |
| − | === History ===
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| − | Bitcoin's public ledger (the block chain) was started on January 3rd, [[2009]] at 18:15 UTC presumably by [[Satoshi Nakamoto]]. The first block is known as the [[genesis block]]. The first transaction recorded in the first block was a single transaction paying the reward of 50 new bitcoins to its creator.
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| − | | |
| − | == See also ==
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| − | | |
| − | * [[ASIC mining]]
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| − | * [[Pooled mining]]
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| − | * [[Mining farm]]
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| − | * [[Cloud mining]]
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| − | * [[Web mining]]
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| − | * [[Mining profit]]
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| − | * [[Bitcoin]]
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| − | * [[Mining: the technical part]]
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| − | * [[Cryptocurrency list]]
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| − | * [[Block]]
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| − | * [[Difficulty]]
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| − | * [[Block chain]]
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| − | * [[Proof-of-work]]
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| − | * [[Transaction confirmation]]
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| − | * [[Bitcoin transaction]]
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| − | | |
| − | == Resources ==
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| − | | |
| − | * [https://www.weusecoins.com/ What is Bitcoin?]
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| − | * [https://www.bitcoinmining.com/ Bitcoin Mining]
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| − | * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmOzih6I1zs Video: What is Bitcoin Mining]
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| − | * [https://99bitcoins.com/beginners-guide-to-mining/ Beginner's Guide to Bitcoin Mining] | |
| | * [https://www.zpool.ca Bitcoin Multipool] | | * [https://www.zpool.ca Bitcoin Multipool] |
| | * [https://www.bitcoinmining.com Bitcoin Mining] | | * [https://www.bitcoinmining.com Bitcoin Mining] |
| − | * [http://codinginmysleep.com/bitcoin-mining-in-plain-english Bitcoin Mining in Plain English] by David Perry | + | ペリーの* [http://codinginmysleep.com/bitcoin-mining-in-plain-english Bitcoin Mining in Plain English] |
| | + | * [https://www.weusecoins.com/en/mining-guide/ Bitcoin Mining入門] |
| | + | * [[コンピュータがロックされているときは自動的に鉱山|コンピュータをロックしたときにマイニングを自動的に開始するチュートリアル]]。 （Windows 7） |
| | * [http://bitcoinminer.com Bitcoin Miner] | | * [http://bitcoinminer.com Bitcoin Miner] |
| − | * [http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/18q2jx/eli5_bitcoin_mining_xpost_in_eli5/ Simplified Explanation of Bitcoin Mining] by reddit user [http://www.reddit.com/user/azotic azotic] | + | * [http://www.bitcongress.org/bitcoin/best-bitcoin-mining-hardware/ Bitcoinマイニングハードウェアの比較] |
| | + | * redditユーザーによる[http://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/18q2jx/eli5_bitcoin_mining_xpost_in_eli5/ Bitcoin Miningの簡略説明] [http://www.reddit.com/user/azotic azotic] |
| | * [https://bitcoinchain.com/pools Bitcoin Mining Pools Comparison] | | * [https://bitcoinchain.com/pools Bitcoin Mining Pools Comparison] |
| − | * [http://www.bitcoinmining.com/best-bitcoin-cloud-mining-contract-reviews/ Research, Review and Compare Cloud Mining Contracts] | + | * [http://www.bitcoinmining.com/best-bitcoin-cloud-mining-contract-reviews/クラウドマイニング契約の調査、検討、比較] |
| − | * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmOzih6I1zs Video: What is Bitcoin Mining?] | + | * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmOzih6I1zs Video：Bitcoin Miningとは何ですか？] |
| − | * [http://yogh.io/#mine:last Mining Simulator] ([https://github.com/JornC/bitcoin-transaction-explorer GitHub source]) | + | * [http://yogh.io/#mine:last Mining Simulator]（[https://github.com/JornC/bitcoin-transaction-explorer GitHub source]） |
| | * [http://bitcoindaily.org/bitcoin-guides/what-is-bitcoin-mining/ Bitcoin Mining Explained] | | * [http://bitcoindaily.org/bitcoin-guides/what-is-bitcoin-mining/ Bitcoin Mining Explained] |
| − | * https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/mining
| + | [[ru：鉱業]] |
| − | | + | [[Category：Mining]] [[Category：Vocabulary]] |
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| − | [[de:Mining]][[es:Mining]][[fr:Mining]][[ru:Майнинг]][[zh-hans:挖矿]] | |
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| − | [[Category:Mining]]
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