ERC20
The Ethereum token standard (ERC20) is used for Ethereum smart contracts. Developed in 2015, ERC-20 defines a common list of rules that an Ethereum token has to implement. Giving developers the ability to program how new tokens will function within the Ethereum ecosystem. This token protocol became popular with crowdfunding companies via Initial Coin Offering (ICO).
Mercury Protocol's Global Messaging Token is an example of an application based on ERC20 tokens.
The ERC20 token standard describes the functions and events that an Ethereum token contract has to implement.
目次
The ERC20 Token Standard Interface
Following is an interface contract declaring the required functions and events to meet the ERC20 standard:
1 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 // ERC Token Standard #20 Interface
3 // https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-20-token-standard.md
4 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 contract ERC20Interface {
6 function totalSupply() public constant returns (uint);
7 function balanceOf(address tokenOwner) public constant returns (uint balance);
8 function allowance(address tokenOwner, address spender) public constant returns (uint remaining);
9 function transfer(address to, uint tokens) public returns (bool success);
10 function approve(address spender, uint tokens) public returns (bool success);
11 function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint tokens) public returns (bool success);
12
13 event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint tokens);
14 event Approval(address indexed tokenOwner, address indexed spender, uint tokens);
15 }
Most of the major tokens on the Ethereum blockchain are ERC20-compliant. The GNT Golem Network Token is only partially-ERC20-compliant as it does not implement the approve(...), allowance(..) and transferFrom(...) functions, and the Approval(...) event.
Some of the tokens include further information describing the token contract:
1 string public constant name = "Token Name";
2 string public constant symbol = "SYM";
3 uint8 public constant decimals = 18; // 18 is the most common number of decimal places
How Does A Token Contract Work?
Following is a fragment of a token contract to demonstrate how a token contract maintains the token balance of Ethereum accounts:
1 contract TokenContractFragment {
2
3 // Balances for each account
4 mapping(address => uint256) balances;
5
6 // Owner of account approves the transfer of an amount to another account
7 mapping(address => mapping (address => uint256)) allowed;
8
9 // Get the token balance for account `tokenOwner`
10 function balanceOf(address tokenOwner) public constant returns (uint balance) {
11 return balances[tokenOwner];
12 }
13
14 // Transfer the balance from owner's account to another account
15 function transfer(address to, uint tokens) public returns (bool success) {
16 balances[msg.sender] = balances[msg.sender].sub(tokens);
17 balances[to] = balances[to].add(tokens);
18 Transfer(msg.sender, to, tokens);
19 return true;
20 }
21
22 // Send `tokens` amount of tokens from address `from` to address `to`
23 // The transferFrom method is used for a withdraw workflow, allowing contracts to send
24 // tokens on your behalf, for example to "deposit" to a contract address and/or to charge
25 // fees in sub-currencies; the command should fail unless the _from account has
26 // deliberately authorized the sender of the message via some mechanism; we propose
27 // these standardized APIs for approval:
28 function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint tokens) public returns (bool success) {
29 balances[from] = balances[from].sub(tokens);
30 allowed[from][msg.sender] = allowed[from][msg.sender].sub(tokens);
31 balances[to] = balances[to].add(tokens);
32 Transfer(from, to, tokens);
33 return true;
34 }
35
36 // Allow `spender` to withdraw from your account, multiple times, up to the `tokens` amount.
37 // If this function is called again it overwrites the current allowance with _value.
38 function approve(address spender, uint tokens) public returns (bool success) {
39 allowed[msg.sender][spender] = tokens;
40 Approval(msg.sender, spender, tokens);
41 return true;
42 }
43 }
Token Balance
For an example, assume that this token contract has two token holders:
-
0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111with a balance of 100 units -
0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222with a balance of 200 units
The token contract's balances data structure will contain the following information:
balances[0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111] = 100 balances[0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222] = 200
The balanceOf(...) function will return the following values:
tokenContract.balanceOf(0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111) will return 100 tokenContract.balanceOf(0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222) will return 200
Transfer Token Balance
If 0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111 wants to transfer 10 tokens to 0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222, 0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111 will execute the function:
tokenContract.transfer(0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222, 10)
The token contract's transfer(...) function will alter the balances data structure to contain the following information:
balances[0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111] = 90 balances[0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222] = 210
The balanceOf(...) function will now return the following values:
tokenContract.balanceOf(0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111) will return 90 tokenContract.balanceOf(0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222) will return 210
Approve And TransferFrom Token Balance
If 0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111 wants to authorise 0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222 to transfer some tokens to 0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222, 0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111 will execute the function:
tokenContract.approve(0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222, 30)
The approve data structure will now contain the following information:
tokenContract.allowed[0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111][0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222] = 30
If 0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222 wants to later transfer some tokens from 0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111 to itself, 0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222 executes the transferFrom(...) function:
tokenContract.transferFrom(0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111, 0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222, 20)
The balances data structure will be altered to contain the following information:
tokenContract.balances[0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111] = 70 tokenContract.balances[0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222] = 230
And the approve data structure will now contain the following information:
tokenContract.allowed[0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111][0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222] = 10
0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222 can still spend 10 tokens from 0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111.
The balanceOf(...) function will now return the following values:
tokenContract.balanceOf(0x1111111111111111111111111111111111111111) will return 70 tokenContract.balanceOf(0x2222222222222222222222222222222222222222) will return 230
Sample Fixed Supply Token Contract
Following is a sample Fixed Supply Token contract with a fixed supply of 1,000,000 units that are initially assigned to the owner of the contract. This token has 18 decimal places:
1 pragma solidity ^0.4.18;
2
3 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 // 'FIXED' 'Example Fixed Supply Token' token contract
5 //
6 // Symbol : FIXED
7 // Name : Example Fixed Supply Token
8 // Total supply: 1,000,000.000000000000000000
9 // Decimals : 18
10 //
11 // Enjoy.
12 //
13 // (c) BokkyPooBah / Bok Consulting Pty Ltd 2017. The MIT Licence.
14 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
15
16
17 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
18 // Safe maths
19 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
20 library SafeMath {
21 function add(uint a, uint b) internal pure returns (uint c) {
22 c = a + b;
23 require(c >= a);
24 }
25 function sub(uint a, uint b) internal pure returns (uint c) {
26 require(b <= a);
27 c = a - b;
28 }
29 function mul(uint a, uint b) internal pure returns (uint c) {
30 c = a * b;
31 require(a == 0 || c / a == b);
32 }
33 function div(uint a, uint b) internal pure returns (uint c) {
34 require(b > 0);
35 c = a / b;
36 }
37 }
38
39
40 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
41 // ERC Token Standard #20 Interface
42 // https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-20-token-standard.md
43 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
44 contract ERC20Interface {
45 function totalSupply() public constant returns (uint);
46 function balanceOf(address tokenOwner) public constant returns (uint balance);
47 function allowance(address tokenOwner, address spender) public constant returns (uint remaining);
48 function transfer(address to, uint tokens) public returns (bool success);
49 function approve(address spender, uint tokens) public returns (bool success);
50 function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint tokens) public returns (bool success);
51
52 event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint tokens);
53 event Approval(address indexed tokenOwner, address indexed spender, uint tokens);
54 }
55
56
57 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
58 // Contract function to receive approval and execute function in one call
59 //
60 // Borrowed from MiniMeToken
61 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
62 contract ApproveAndCallFallBack {
63 function receiveApproval(address from, uint256 tokens, address token, bytes data) public;
64 }
65
66
67 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
68 // Owned contract
69 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
70 contract Owned {
71 address public owner;
72 address public newOwner;
73
74 event OwnershipTransferred(address indexed _from, address indexed _to);
75
76 function Owned() public {
77 owner = msg.sender;
78 }
79
80 modifier onlyOwner {
81 require(msg.sender == owner);
82 _;
83 }
84
85 function transferOwnership(address _newOwner) public onlyOwner {
86 newOwner = _newOwner;
87 }
88 function acceptOwnership() public {
89 require(msg.sender == newOwner);
90 OwnershipTransferred(owner, newOwner);
91 owner = newOwner;
92 newOwner = address(0);
93 }
94 }
95
96
97 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
98 // ERC20 Token, with the addition of symbol, name and decimals and an
99 // initial fixed supply
100 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
101 contract FixedSupplyToken is ERC20Interface, Owned {
102 using SafeMath for uint;
103
104 string public symbol;
105 string public name;
106 uint8 public decimals;
107 uint public _totalSupply;
108
109 mapping(address => uint) balances;
110 mapping(address => mapping(address => uint)) allowed;
111
112
113 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
114 // Constructor
115 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
116 function FixedSupplyToken() public {
117 symbol = "FIXED";
118 name = "Example Fixed Supply Token";
119 decimals = 18;
120 _totalSupply = 1000000 * 10**uint(decimals);
121 balances[owner] = _totalSupply;
122 Transfer(address(0), owner, _totalSupply);
123 }
124
125
126 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
127 // Total supply
128 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
129 function totalSupply() public constant returns (uint) {
130 return _totalSupply - balances[address(0)];
131 }
132
133
134 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
135 // Get the token balance for account `tokenOwner`
136 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
137 function balanceOf(address tokenOwner) public constant returns (uint balance) {
138 return balances[tokenOwner];
139 }
140
141
142 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
143 // Transfer the balance from token owner's account to `to` account
144 // - Owner's account must have sufficient balance to transfer
145 // - 0 value transfers are allowed
146 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
147 function transfer(address to, uint tokens) public returns (bool success) {
148 balances[msg.sender] = balances[msg.sender].sub(tokens);
149 balances[to] = balances[to].add(tokens);
150 Transfer(msg.sender, to, tokens);
151 return true;
152 }
153
154
155 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
156 // Token owner can approve for `spender` to transferFrom(...) `tokens`
157 // from the token owner's account
158 //
159 // https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-20-token-standard.md
160 // recommends that there are no checks for the approval double-spend attack
161 // as this should be implemented in user interfaces
162 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
163 function approve(address spender, uint tokens) public returns (bool success) {
164 allowed[msg.sender][spender] = tokens;
165 Approval(msg.sender, spender, tokens);
166 return true;
167 }
168
169
170 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
171 // Transfer `tokens` from the `from` account to the `to` account
172 //
173 // The calling account must already have sufficient tokens approve(...)-d
174 // for spending from the `from` account and
175 // - From account must have sufficient balance to transfer
176 // - Spender must have sufficient allowance to transfer
177 // - 0 value transfers are allowed
178 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
179 function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint tokens) public returns (bool success) {
180 balances[from] = balances[from].sub(tokens);
181 allowed[from][msg.sender] = allowed[from][msg.sender].sub(tokens);
182 balances[to] = balances[to].add(tokens);
183 Transfer(from, to, tokens);
184 return true;
185 }
186
187
188 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
189 // Returns the amount of tokens approved by the owner that can be
190 // transferred to the spender's account
191 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
192 function allowance(address tokenOwner, address spender) public constant returns (uint remaining) {
193 return allowed[tokenOwner][spender];
194 }
195
196
197 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
198 // Token owner can approve for `spender` to transferFrom(...) `tokens`
199 // from the token owner's account. The `spender` contract function
200 // `receiveApproval(...)` is then executed
201 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
202 function approveAndCall(address spender, uint tokens, bytes data) public returns (bool success) {
203 allowed[msg.sender][spender] = tokens;
204 Approval(msg.sender, spender, tokens);
205 ApproveAndCallFallBack(spender).receiveApproval(msg.sender, tokens, this, data);
206 return true;
207 }
208
209
210 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
211 // Don't accept ETH
212 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
213 function () public payable {
214 revert();
215 }
216
217
218 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
219 // Owner can transfer out any accidentally sent ERC20 tokens
220 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
221 function transferAnyERC20Token(address tokenAddress, uint tokens) public onlyOwner returns (bool success) {
222 return ERC20Interface(tokenAddress).transfer(owner, tokens);
223 }
224 }
See How to issue your own token on Ethereum in less than 20 minutes for steps to deploy a token contract.
Further Information On Ethereum Tokens
- Ethereum.org Token page: https://www.ethereum.org/token.
- Etherscan token selection of popular tokens: https://etherscan.io/tokens
- EtherScan ERC20 token search: https://etherscan.io/token-search
- The HumanStandardToken: a specialisation of ERC20 that provides a name, decimals, symbol and version as public variables, so these can be read from the contract and do not need to be configured: https://github.com/ConsenSys/Tokens/blob/master/Token_Contracts/contracts/HumanStandardToken.sol
- Token Factory, an application that lets you create these tokens, just to play around with: https://tokenfactory.surge.sh
- Libraries:
- OpenZeppelin: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/zeppelin-solidity/tree/master/contracts/token
- Minime token contract that allows to clone itself, so it can be used for things like voting, or even splitting off a token for a separate application: https://github.com/Giveth/minime
